This is nearly always through education. First you usually have to get GCSEs and A levels (or equivalent) and then go to University and study the subject that interests you most.
After University you can choose two ways to work as a scientist. In the industry which means you work for big companies doing research for them, for example developing a new type of drug and testing it for them on people. Or you go work in Universities where you try to discover something and research it further and try to understand what it does.
So as an example, a scientist for a university would discover the new drug and find out what it does and test it out on animals. If successful this drug can then be sold to the industry and the scientists in the industry would test to see whether i can be used on things like primates and whether it can then be tested on humans.
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